Literature Review and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Writing Review and Report - Essay Example Progression arranging is a procedure of distinguishing and creating individuals from inside the association with the possibility to fill key authority positions in the organization. It expands the accessibility of experienced and competent workers that are set up to accept these jobs as they become accessible. It is presently joined with initiative preparing and the procedures together are extremely fundamental for the working of an association. There are a lot of focal points of topping off the situations with existing representatives, for example, they are as of now acquainted with the qualities and the techniques for working of the association, the individuals of the association definitely know them and subsequently it will be simpler for them to fit in. Likewise, giving individuals such an open door guarantees, that they will strive to get prepared and grew with the goal that they can fill in the hole required and focus on an advancement. Utilizing interior representatives additi onally assists cut with bringing down on costs that would come up from the tireless head chasing exercises for filling in a high post and gives out the message to the workers that the association is intently sew and would prefer to give them the open doors first. Writing ARGUMENTS: Succession Planning Succession arranging assumes a significant job in recovering an organization's authority, yet frequently, the guarantees of customary progression arranging are not conveyed. The entire reason for progression arranging in an association, as per Leibman, Bruer and Maki (1996), is to build up a solid head, not pick, yet create. This is on the grounds that each association has various necessities and prerequisites from their pioneer. Allio (2007) demands that it is important to deliberately assemble solid authority groups in an association, to meet these prerequisites. He talks about the significance of having great pioneers in an association and the impacts that maverick chief can have. B arsh, Capozzi and Davidson (2008) then again examine the significance of the reconciliation of advancement into the vital administration of the association. Leibman, Bruer and Maki (1996) expound on the elements that assume noticeable jobs in the improvement of these administration groups. One of them is non segregating recruiting, which has prompted work places being increasingly assorted, as far as sex, strict foundation, age gathering and ethnicities, all attempting to adjust home and work, to add to a superior way of life for the whole family. Along these lines, with expanding decent variety in the workforce, it is fundamental that this factor be considered in the authority advancement projects of associations. Their exploration has demonstrated that to accomplish better outcomes and higher efficiency, companies have started to make changes in their structures. Allio (2007) adds to this view by expressing, tall associations are out, clearing a path for an increasingly indulgent, level structure that gives individuals more noteworthy power and responsibility, yet additionally decreases confusion in the association and supports collaborations. This further adds to the attention on planning initiative group, instead of people. Likewise, having a group gives an association more alternatives and perspectives. Barsh, Capozzi and Davidson (2008) gives an extra point of view that, this somehow or another settles on the dynamic procedure progressively productive, if difficult, for the basic explanation that more than one sentiment is considered

Training and Developing Employees Free Essays

Preparing and Developing Employees Multiple Choice: 1. When workers have been enlisted and chosen, the following stage would be: a. order and advising. We will compose a custom paper test on Preparing and Developing Employees or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now b. direction and preparing. c. employing and terminating. d. socialization. 3. The continuous procedure of ingraining in all workers the overarching mentalities, measures, qualities, and examples of conduct that are normal by the association and its areas of expertise is: a. values projection. b. direction. c. socialization. d. decent variety preparing. 5. There is the genuine chance that courts will locate that an employee’s handbook substance speak to an/an: a. alsified archive. b. contract with the worker. c. fragmented report. d. dubious record. 7. Preparing of a drawn out nature that has the advancement of present or future administration representatives as its point is normally alluded to as: a. the board assessment. b. the executives improvement. c. the executives games. d. the executives contextual investigations. 8. With the goal for firms to remain serious when preparing and advancement destinations change, they need to adjust by playing out the accompanying changes, aside from: a. improving item quality. b. boosting profitability. c. hanging innovation. d. expanding worker turnover. 15. The initial phase in a preparation program is to direct: a. preparing assessment. b. preparing needs investigation. c. hands on preparing. d. work guidance preparing. 17. A method for evaluating the exhibition of current representatives to decide if preparing could diminish execution issues like abundance scrap or low yield is: a. task examination. b. execution examination. c. preparing examination. d. inspiration investigation. 22. The primary concern that should come about because of deciding preparing needs is: a. xcellent work execution. b. execution investigation. c. task investigation. d. quantifiable preparing goals. 25. An organized procedure by which people become talented specialists through a blend of study hall guidance and hands on preparing is alluded to as: a. work guidance preparing. b. apprenticeship preparing. c. vestibule preparing. d. mechan ized preparing. 32. A preparation procedure where students learn on the real or reproduced gear they will use at work, however in which the learners are really prepared off the activity, is: a. n-the-work preparing. b. off-the-work preparing. c. recreated preparing. d. real preparing. 37. With a workforce that is getting progressively varying, a lot more firms discover they should execute: a. collaboration preparing programs. b. decent variety preparing programs. c. esteem preparing programs. d. experimentation preparing programs. 39. Coming up next are points of the administration advancement process, aside from: a. evaluating the company’s needs. b. assessing the manager’s execution. c. building up the chiefs themselves. d. improving the industry’s execution. 1. An administration preparing strategy that includes moving a learner from division to office so as to widen his/her experience and distinguish solid and frail focuses is called: a. worldwide revolution. b. activity learning. c. work enhancement. d. work revolution. 43. In this administration preparing strategy, the learner works legitimately with the individual that he/she is to supplant. What is this strategy called? a. Substitution approach b. Training/understudy approach c. Progression arranging d. Direct substitution approach 46. An off-the-work the board improvement method that includes giving a learner a composed depiction of a hierarchical issue is called a(n): a. activity learning program. b. contextual investigation technique. c. the executives game. d. training/understudy approach. 47. Coming up next are includes for the situation study technique, with the exception of: a. workforce giving the right answer so understudies comprehend the case. b. the utilization of genuine authoritative issues. c. members expressing their perspectives and inquisitive into others’ sees. d. an insignificant contribution by the employee. 3. A forthcoming division supervisor with a hole in involvement in money related controls may pursue a two-course succession in: a. creation control. b. administrative bookkeeping. c. operational procedures. d. administrative control. 55. A preparation program in which students are first indicated acceptable administration strategies (in a film), are then approached to assume jobs in a reproduced circumstance and are given criticism and acclaim by their director is called: a. conduct demonstrating. b. pretending. c. genuine model preparing. d. contextual analysis technique. 58. A few businesses have in-house improvement places for administrators and workers that would incorporate the accompanying, aside from: a. study hall learning. b. in-crate works out. c. work investigation programs. d. pretending. 61. A hierarchical advancement technique that includes studying employees’ perspectives and giving criticism to departmental supervisors so issues can be fathomed by the directors and representatives is called: a. poll examination. b. journal logs. c. overview input. d. affectability preparing. Paper: 1New worker direction has been appeared to have quantifiable and beneficial outcomes on representative maintenance and fulfillment. Notwithstanding this, numerous associations don't have a formalized direction process, and every representative gets an alternate direction to the association. Clarify why you accept associations do this. Framework how you would, as another HR chief, persuade the board to execute new worker directions. 2. The book recorded various administration improvement methods. Which one do you accept is the best? Shield this decision and balance it with in any event three different methods. Answers 1. b 3. c 5. b 7. b 8. d 15. b 17. b 22. d 25. b 32. c 37. b 39. d 41. d 43. b 46. b 47. a 53. b 58. c 61. c The most effective method to refer to Training and Developing Employees, Papers

Eyefi

Eyefi INTRODUCTIONMartin: Today we are in Mountain View at the office of Eyefi with Ziv. Ziv, who are you and what do you do?Ziv: Thanks for having m! I am one of the co-founders and I run in Business Development and I also evangelize and started the company about 8 years ago.Martin: And what did you do before you started this company?Ziv: So before we started, I was doing high-tech. So we’re four founders, I used to be an engineer, actually all of us used to be engineers. Here at Eyefi two of us are in business, two of us are engineering. I was at Apple a few times and then several startups before Eyefi and then Eyefi is my first founding company. And I have done one more since Eyefi in background and so I would say top 7 rate startups.Martin: Great. An engineer turned to business developer, how rare is that?Ziv: So I knew that Okay, so my two co-founders are way better than me in engineering. So I knew that they are so much better than me, I can just let them do the really really hard stuff and I can do the marketing, sales, business development. So as we started we agreed that they would do the hard core stuff, the really really heavy stuff and they are just way better and over the years we both migrated to marketing sales and biz development. But even before Eyefi I went more into management and marketing and so it worked out.Martin: How did you come up with the founding idea of Eyefi?Ziv: For Eyefi? We start having kids and we are here in the west coast, my parents are in the east coast. We were struggling with the new lack of sleep and everything else and so how do you actually share photos if you are busy you actually can share photos, and my parents were in the East Coast we are here in the west coast. We got the guilt trip non-stop of where are your first kids photos. And it’s not hard to share, it’s a chore. So usually you put chores off; laundery, cooking, dishes, usually you are okay doing them but you put them off. So getting the photos out of a ca mera to a computer is the same thing, it’s a chore. So taking a photo is easy, taking a video is easy, it’s just a click and everything else that comes afterwards is a chore. So we wanted to change to photo industry. We wanted to show, Hey, we can actually use these cameras which are really fun to use, but how do you actually get the content out of then and share it as close to the moment as possible. So we started with a different idea, we then morphed that idea EyeFi card and that was our launch.Martin: Great.BUSINESS MODELMartin: Let’s talk briefly about the current business model for Eyefi, how does it work?Ziv: So you put the card into your camera, you takes pictures, the card becomes a wifi hotspot, it then is being seen by your phone or your tablet or anything that’s around you, that connects to it and the magic just happens. So all you do is take pictures because the card is a wifi hotspot, the phone connects to it automatically and everything happens. It goes to the phone or tablet and from there it goes to our cloud or any other cloud. So its super simple, you buy the card at retail and immediately as you get it, you can start to use it and immediately start to share photos from the moment of capture.Martin: How can I manage as a customer where the photos will go?Ziv: So they go to our app, from our app it goes to anywhere you want, normally; Photo Roll, iOS, Gallery on Android, and then from there if you have Dropbox watching your Gallery or Photo roll, it goes to drop box, Google photo plus, Google plus, Facebook, anything that you want to, they already have a new device that works. We have the popular intents as well so you can from within our app go to Facebook, Twitter, Flicker, anything that is already installed on the phone, as well as we can go to a computer so from a computer it goes to anywhere you want to. You are really on your own with whatever you are already used to, the main difference is the photo that you captured on your ph one can come from a camera versus from the crappy camera that built in the phone.Martin: Right, understood. How is the distribution strategy working? So what type of distribution partners are you using and why did you choose this kind of distribution strategy?Ziv : Sure, we sell at every major retail. We sell globally, today we have 85% coverage globally. So we sell at every major retail, so Best Buy would sell here in the US for example, Amazon online is selling us, BH, Adorama. So the top photo retailers as well as CE, Consumer Electronics. In Europe we are at MediaMarkt, Saturn, every major retail in Europe, so western Europe, so Germany France, UK, Italy, Spain, everywhere in major retail as well as everything online, same in Asia, Asia pacific. We’re not yet in all of China but we’re launched in China and we are pretty much everywhere in Asia Pacific, Middle East and South Africa. We sell into distribution and then they turn around and sell it into retail but we are the one s that go out and sign retail.Martin: So the end customer pays X amount of euro for a card and gets what?Ziv: So you walk into a store, say MediaMarkt in Germany and you pay 41 Euros or 62 Euros or 82 Euros for 8 gig, 16 gig, 32 gig card. You then leave the store and you get the app from the app store and then there is code that is in the Eyefi card packaging that you enter into the app. Once you do that you are done. After 3 months, we then ask you if you want to actually pay for our cloud, if you pay for our cloud, awesome. For 45 Euros we give you infinite storage, in the US it’s 50 dollars in Europe 45, so you get infinite storage for your photos. If you don’t pay for the cloud, no problem, it still goes to your mobile device, but it stays there it doesn’t sync across devices, that’s it. So the cloud gives you sync across devices, across platforms, across device and infinite storage.Martin: And how much does it cost from a monthly perspective?Ziv: Its 50 dollar per year or 45 Euros per year for infinite storage.Martin: Okay Geat.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Let’s talk about the corporate strategy. So what distinguishes you from all of your competitors?Ziv: We used to not have any competitors for about, so we’re 8 years old, for about 7 or 6 years we had no competitors. This is patented, it’s not patent pending, its patented. So for a while we had zero competitors. If you talk about competitors in terms of wifi and cameras, there was wifi and cameras even before we started Eyefi. So in 05’, 06’, Canon, Kodak, Nikon had wifi built in. But the camera guys are really good at building cameras, they don’t know how to do cloud and services and wifi really really well. We cannot build cameras but we can do clouds, services and software really really well. So the competitors today, we have two competitors out of Asia, they don’t have our distribution, they don’t have a global reach and our way of doing this is super automatic. So we believe tha t as you capture photos, it should go from the camera to the phone automatically. The competitors, basically you have to sign into the card from your phone from a web browser, choose the photos that you want to download and then download those. We believe that’s a lot of work. So in terms of competition, I would say the base competition force is not the wifi cards or the wifi cameras is the smartphone that people are using now and not the cameras. That’s why we have the cloud, so it can use your camera or your smart phone, either way, if you pay for our cloud, we’ re okay.Martin: Okay great.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS In Mountain View, we meet co-founder Evangelist of Eyefi, Ziv Gillat. He shares his story how he co-founded this startup and how the current business model works, as well as some advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcription of the interview is included below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Today we are in Mountain View at the office of Eyefi with Ziv. Ziv, who are you and what do you do?Ziv: Thanks for having m! I am one of the co-founders and I run in Business Development and I also evangelize and started the company about 8 years ago.Martin: And what did you do before you started this company?Ziv: So before we started, I was doing high-tech. So we’re four founders, I used to be an engineer, actually all of us used to be engineers. Here at Eyefi two of us are in business, two of us are engineering. I was at Apple a few times and then several startups before Eyefi and then Eyefi is my first founding company. And I have done one more since Eyefi in background and so I would say top 7 rate startups.Martin: Great. An engineer turned to business developer, how rare is that?Ziv: So I knew that Okay, so my two co-founders are way better than me in engineering. So I knew that they are so much better than me, I can just let them do the really really hard stuff and I can do the marketing, sales, business development. So as we started we agreed that they would do the hard core stuff, the really really heavy stuff and they are just way better and over the years we both migrated to marketing sales and biz development. But even before Eyefi I went more into management and marketing and so it worked out.Martin: How did you come up with the founding idea of Eyefi?Ziv: For Eyefi? We start having kids and we are here in the west coast, my parents are in the east coast. We were struggling with the new lack of sleep and everything else and so how do you actually share photos if you are busy you actually can share photos, and my parents were in the East Coast we are here in the west co ast. We got the guilt trip non-stop of where are your first kids photos. And it’s not hard to share, it’s a chore. So usually you put chores off; laundery, cooking, dishes, usually you are okay doing them but you put them off. So getting the photos out of a camera to a computer is the same thing, it’s a chore. So taking a photo is easy, taking a video is easy, it’s just a click and everything else that comes afterwards is a chore. So we wanted to change to photo industry. We wanted to show, Hey, we can actually use these cameras which are really fun to use, but how do you actually get the content out of then and share it as close to the moment as possible. So we started with a different idea, we then morphed that idea EyeFi card and that was our launch.Martin: Great.BUSINESS MODELMartin: Let’s talk briefly about the current business model for Eyefi, how does it work?Ziv: So you put the card into your camera, you takes pictures, the card becomes a wifi hotspot, it then is b eing seen by your phone or your tablet or anything that’s around you, that connects to it and the magic just happens. So all you do is take pictures because the card is a wifi hotspot, the phone connects to it automatically and everything happens. It goes to the phone or tablet and from there it goes to our cloud or any other cloud. So its super simple, you buy the card at retail and immediately as you get it, you can start to use it and immediately start to share photos from the moment of capture.Martin: How can I manage as a customer where the photos will go?Ziv: So they go to our app, from our app it goes to anywhere you want, normally; Photo Roll, iOS, Gallery on Android, and then from there if you have Dropbox watching your Gallery or Photo roll, it goes to drop box, Google photo plus, Google plus, Facebook, anything that you want to, they already have a new device that works. We have the popular intents as well so you can from within our app go to Facebook, Twitter, Flicker, anything that is already installed on the phone, as well as we can go to a computer so from a computer it goes to anywhere you want to. You are really on your own with whatever you are already used to, the main difference is the photo that you captured on your phone can come from a camera versus from the crappy camera that built in the phone.Martin: Right, understood. How is the distribution strategy working? So what type of distribution partners are you using and why did you choose this kind of distribution strategy?Ziv : Sure, we sell at every major retail. We sell globally, today we have 85% coverage globally. So we sell at every major retail, so Best Buy would sell here in the US for example, Amazon online is selling us, BH, Adorama. So the top photo retailers as well as CE, Consumer Electronics. In Europe we are at MediaMarkt, Saturn, every major retail in Europe, so western Europe, so Germany France, UK, Italy, Spain, everywhere in major retail as well as everything online, s ame in Asia, Asia pacific. We’re not yet in all of China but we’re launched in China and we are pretty much everywhere in Asia Pacific, Middle East and South Africa. We sell into distribution and then they turn around and sell it into retail but we are the ones that go out and sign retail.Martin: So the end customer pays X amount of euro for a card and gets what?Ziv: So you walk into a store, say MediaMarkt in Germany and you pay 41 Euros or 62 Euros or 82 Euros for 8 gig, 16 gig, 32 gig card. You then leave the store and you get the app from the app store and then there is code that is in the Eyefi card packaging that you enter into the app. Once you do that you are done. After 3 months, we then ask you if you want to actually pay for our cloud, if you pay for our cloud, awesome. For 45 Euros we give you infinite storage, in the US it’s 50 dollars in Europe 45, so you get infinite storage for your photos. If you don’t pay for the cloud, no problem, it still goes to your mob ile device, but it stays there it doesn’t sync across devices, that’s it. So the cloud gives you sync across devices, across platforms, across device and infinite storage.Martin: And how much does it cost from a monthly perspective?Ziv: Its 50 dollar per year or 45 Euros per year for infinite storage.Martin: Okay Geat.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Let’s talk about the corporate strategy. So what distinguishes you from all of your competitors?Ziv: We used to not have any competitors for about, so we’re 8 years old, for about 7 or 6 years we had no competitors. This is patented, it’s not patent pending, its patented. So for a while we had zero competitors. If you talk about competitors in terms of wifi and cameras, there was wifi and cameras even before we started Eyefi. So in 05’, 06’, Canon, Kodak, Nikon had wifi built in. But the camera guys are really good at building cameras, they don’t know how to do cloud and services and wifi really really well. We cannot build cam eras but we can do clouds, services and software really really well. So the competitors today, we have two competitors out of Asia, they don’t have our distribution, they don’t have a global reach and our way of doing this is super automatic. So we believe that as you capture photos, it should go from the camera to the phone automatically. The competitors, basically you have to sign into the card from your phone from a web browser, choose the photos that you want to download and then download those. We believe that’s a lot of work. So in terms of competition, I would say the base competition force is not the wifi cards or the wifi cameras is the smartphone that people are using now and not the cameras. That’s why we have the cloud, so it can use your camera or your smart phone, either way, if you pay for our cloud, we’ re okay.Martin: Okay great.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURSMartin: I mean you have several years of experience as an entrepreneurs. What type of advice can you give other young entrepreneurs when they are thinking about starting a company?Ziv: It’s very tough. I think that being an entrepreneur is a disease. The reason that I say that it’s a disease is that it is really really hard and then you keep doing it andyou keep goong forth and you keep doingit over and over again. So that’s why it’s super super tough and we are crazy and we just keep doing it again. So let me just start with that.In terms of advice, it has to be a passion, if it’s not a passion, you are never going to succeed, because so many things will go against you, it will go wrong, that it wasn’t a passion you will quit after the first year. Typically businesses takes 7 years to exit, people think that they are going to start a business and flip it within a year or two, that happens sometimes, that is very very rare. Most of them fail and the ones that do succeed, takes 7 years to exit plus, actually it takes even more. We’re 8 plus years old and we still haven’t had the exit yet but we have tons of customers, tons of revenue and so the curve is awesome but we have not had an exit yet, so it takes a lot of work.Martin: Okay great and what advice can you give when somebody thinks about developing a hardware product? Because I mean this is a mix between hardware and software product that you’re providing and he’s thinking about a hardware product and wants to define the go-to market strategy.Ziv: Sure. I would say don’t focus on the hardware, focus on the software and focus on services first. The hardware is just a way to get it, it’s a conduit. We’ve always since day one said we are not doing hardware only, we are building services, we have had the cloud since day one. 8 years ago it was called the server, now it’s called the cloud, so really really important. People who focus on hardware, focusing on hardware first, they then build bad software, we had that as well. We had the card selling retail for 6 years then I would say our software was really not that great. Because we focused on the hardware, we made the hardware really really amazing and we had amazing camera relationships, integrations, we have camera from across all the cameras but our software wasn’t really good. We then took a step back, took away many of the features, simplified it, now it has way less features so in Europe for example Mobi is our only selling product, we don’t have the pro, the pro has tons of features, hard to set up. Mobi sells everywhere, easy to set up, less features. So focus on the software first. When you can figure out the software and the services and you figure out the experience then start building the hardware.Martin: And when you are trying to make partnerships with companies like MediaMarkt etc, and your very early in your start up process, how do you convince them?Ziv: So usually they come to us. So if you’re cool, they come to you. If you’re not cool, you go to them and then it’s really hard. But if y ou have a really cool productâ€"see the problem is retail is it has a very very limited shell space, online retail is very different. Amazon takes anybody because they have no physical space. Physical goods are really really hard to sell into retail so you really have to have a unique value prop and if you do, they actually come to you. For the ones that are smaller you can actually have a sales person that’s really amazing, they already have the relationship with the buyer and they can approach them. If you have enough margin in a product, if it’s enough value prop, they agree to it. But if you are one more, let’s say you make a mouse, if you are one more mouse, they won’t take you necessarily because they already have they preferred three or four vendors. But if you’re unique, they will take you.Martin: Okay, great Ziv, thank you very much for your time.

Do Not Be Angry With Me For Speaking Th - 1627 Words

Do not be angry with me for speaking the truth; no man will survive who genuinely opposes you or any other crowd and prevents the occurrence of many unjust and illegal happenings in the city. A man who really fights for justice must lead a private, not a public, life if he is to survive for even a short time. (Apology 31e-32a) These are the words of Socrates, who spoke before the Athenian jury in the trial that would, ultimately, condemn him to his death. Through works such as the Apology and The Republic, we can see Plato’s distaste of the concept of democracy. Why does he consider democracy to be so flawed? Let us look through his own eyes and see what his individual criticisms are, and determine if the very concept of democracy is as†¦show more content†¦Though this may seem contradictory by default, it pays to not underestimate the ignorance of the populace at large, particularly when normally skeptical and rational individuals are swayed into thinking along with the group. However, let us refocus the argument on Socrates and his words concerning the evil-doing tyrant in passages 470-480 (Helmbold 32-48). Polus – a teacher of rhetoric – contends that an unjust man (in this case, Archelaus, a king of Macedon), despite the crimes he has committed, is happy. Despite his unjust actions, he managed to become a person of power; he is the happier man, considering he has not met any punishment. Socrates does not agree with this notion; he contends that, among all wretched men, it is the unpunished that are truly unhappy. Recall, if you will, the beliefs of Socrates in terms of the soul. He emphasized throughout his life that men should be concerned about the welfare of their soul. It is not at all unlike Socrates to suggest that a criminal who receives punishment for his wrongdoing – in other words, correction of their evils – will, in the end, be far happier than he who does not receive any punishment at all. Let us carry this line of thought back to the issue of democracy. As Socrates suggested in Plato’sShow MoreRelated The Role of Jealousy in Shakespeares Othello Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagesset a squadron in the field Nor the division of a battle knows More than a spinster--unless the bookish theoric, Wherein the togaed consuls can propose As masterly as he. Mere prattle without practice Is all his soldiership. But he^, sir, had th election; And I, of whom his eyes had seen the proof At Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds Christened and heathen, must be beleed and calmed By debitor and creditor. This countercaster, He, in good time, must his lieutenant be, And I--GodRead MoreEnglish Language Learners For My Assessment1614 Words   |  7 Pagescurrently use with some of the students in my classes. I teach kindergarten and first grade English Language Arts and Social Studies and we have a moderate number of immigrant students whose parents do not speak English. 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That’s all that we can do because we are not

Insomnia Essay - 1353 Words

Insomnia Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that plagues millions of people around the globe by not allowing them to sleep. Its severity can range between a couple of days to a couple of months, and is curable in most cases. In any given year, about one-third of all adults suffer from insomnia (Hendrickson 1). Insomnia itself is not a disease, but a symptom of an underlying mental or physical condition of the person. There is not a strict definition for insomnia, but it could be narrowed down to: a person not being able to sleep, having difficulty falling to sleep, or having trouble staying asleep. Medications are available for the treatment of insomnia, but they should not be used on a regular basis. Some thirty-five to†¦show more content†¦Many insomniacs try to hard to go to sleep. 2 They lie awake with thoughts buzzing around in their head making it difficult to fall asleep. Many people who experience insomnia become frustrated, making it even more difficult to fall asleep. After a while insomniacs begin to anticipate bad nights, which makes the condition worse. Of the physical causes, alcohol, cigarettes, and caffeine are the most common. Alcohol may make you fall asleep faster since it is a depressant, but it makes you sleep less soundly and you awake more frequently during the night. Nicotine and caffeine are both stimulants that cause you not to feel sleepy, thus causing you not to sleep well. Caffeine is commonly found in coffee, sodas, and tea (Appendix B). Since caffeine can stay in your body for up to twenty hours, a cup of coffee in the morning or a soda at lunch may greatly affect your sleeping. Caffeine is also found in chocolate and most chocolate products (Appendix A). Eliminating caffeine from your diet could solve your sleep problem even if your insomnia set in without increasing your caffeine intake. 3 Going without caffeine in your system will give you more restful sleep and you will feel more energized with less sleep (albert 88). 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Nigeria and South Africa Free Essays

string(141) " historical influences on infrastructure, definitions of the tourism industry, an overview of Nigeria and South Africa’s tourism industry\." Introduction The literature review was crucial to this dissertation since it was the major part of the dissertation that examined several secondary sources and reinforced the aim which is to critically analyse and investigate the extent to which physical infrastructure has influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria compared to South Africa. This dissertation has an adapted version of Handy’s (1994) Product Lifecycle Model because it shows the development of physical infrastructure in regards to accessibility within Nigeria and South Africa. This dissertation also has Butler’s TALC Model (1980) to demonstrate the development of tourism in Nigeria and South Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Nigeria and South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dissertation assesses the impacts of the 3 A’s accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services by comparing Nigeria to South Africa. The dissertation answers whether physical infrastructure has positively or negatively influenced Nigeria and South Africa’s tourism industries. This dissertation also includes the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index indicators and the Global Competitiveness index indicators in order to compare the infrastructure rankings in Nigeria and South Africa. There are conclusions which evaluate what the researcher found throughout the dissertation. The recommendations stem from what the researcher discovered and discussed in the conclusions within the dissertation. Aim and Objectives Aim To critically analyse and investigate the extent to which physical infrastructure has influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria compared to South Africa. Objectives To scrutinise secondary research which discusses the state of physical infrastructure. To assess the impacts of the 3 A’s in Nigeria in comparisons to South Africa. To find out whether physical infrastructure had a positive or negative influence on both countries tourism industries. To critically analyse competitiveness indicators in relation to other data sources. To make several recommendations based on the conclusions in this dissertation. Rationale The main purpose of this dissertation is to answer the question- How has physical infrastructure influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria in comparison to South Africa? There are various reasons to why this dissertation is being written. The first reason is there is a gap in academic literature seeing that there is no existing research that compares how physical infrastructure has influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria and South Africa. This could be due to the fact that there are no qualified researchers who have been focusing on documenting such research since researchers may view Nigeria and South Africa as developing economies and would rather conduct research on other countries like England or United States of America. The second reason is that the researcher would be able to explore the aim in great detail through the usage of secondary research and secondary data. Nigeria and South Africa were chosen because both countries have significant roles and influence on the African Continent. Kwintessential (2011) states: â€Å"Along with South Africa, Nigeria is considered a super-power in the African continent. † Tourists frequently visit Nigeria and South Africa. In 2009/ 2010, more than forty-nine million tourists travelled to Africa. The top ten African Countries were Morocco which had nine point twenty-nine million tourists, South Africa had eight point nine million tourists and Nigeria had one point forty-one million tourists (TV3news, 2011). In 2011 Nigeria’s new President Goodluck Jonathan commissioned twenty-five trains and also in 2011 South Africa Transport Minister Sibusiso Ndebele introduced a law called Road Transport Management System (RTMS) which was implemented successfully. Secondary data from 2009, 2010 and 2011 was used because information linked to the Access, Amenities and Ancillary Services was available as major events closely linked to Access, Amenities and Ancillary Services occurred in Nigeria and South Africa. Contribution Secondary data would be required since quantitative data, such as statistical figures are of great importance because they are needed in order to effectively support the findings in this dissertation. The 3 A’s Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services According to Buhalis (2000) there are six A’s which are Attractions, Accessibility, Amenities, Available Packages, Activities and Ancillary Services however for the purpose of this research, this dissertation will only focus on three A’s which are Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services as tourists take these three A’s into consideration when travelling aboard. Accessibility is essential as it enables tourists to travel to visit numerous places within Nigeria and South Africa. Hall et al (2006) refers to Butler (1980) and Wolfe (1952) who believe that accessibility is important seeing that they acknowledge that when accessibility improves an area would experience a growth in tourist numbers. Amenities are vital since tourists need to stay and sleep in accommodation whilst in Nigeria and South Africa. Bhatia (2006) and Hall (2009) agree that accommodation gives tourists the opportunity to spend some time in a destination. Ancillary Services for instance medical facilities like hospitals are important because tourists may need medical assistance so travel insurance is recommended to cover medical emergencies. Cowie (2011) reveals that The Association of British Insurers (ABI) believe there has been an increase in the number of travel insurance claims from holidaymakers particularly holidaymakers over the age of sixty-five. The 3 A’s Attractions, Available Packages and Activities Table The table below discusses why the researcher would not use the other 3 A’s Attractions, Available Packages and Activities which are also part of Buhalis’s Framework. | | | | | | |Attractions |The researcher would not use attractions as the researcher does not intend to discuss the various types of | | |attractions that tourists can visit on holiday when in Nigeria and South Africa, furthermore discussing several| | |attractions would not enable the researcher to answer the aim. | | | | | | |Available Packages |The researcher would not use available packages because the researcher’s dissertation is not about the | | |different types of holiday packages available that can be booked for a tourist going to Nigeria and South | | |Africa, therefore information on holiday packages would not be relevant in this dissertation. | | | | | | |Activities |The researcher would not use activities since the researcher’s dissertation does not involve finding out the | | |range of activities that tourists can partake in whilst in Nigeria and South Afr ica so information about types | | |of activities would be irrelevant in this dissertation. | Table 1 Chapter 1 Literature Review This literature review provides definitions of infrastructure, historical influences on infrastructure, definitions of the tourism industry, an overview of Nigeria and South Africa’s tourism industry. You read "Nigeria and South Africa" in category "Essay examples" Butler’s TALC Model is used to showcase the development of tourism in Nigeria and South Africa and physical infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa is discussed. Furthermore a theoretical framework is linked to the aim of the dissertation. In addition the literature review also includes Nigeria’s and South Africa’s political backgrounds, African Union agreements that Nigeria and South Africa have agreed to, the fact that South Africa is part of B. R. I. C. Baldauf (2011) reveals that South Africa joined the club of emerging economies in the world. The club is now known as BRICS which is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. An overview of infrastructure studies in tourism 1. 1 Defining Infrastructure in the tourism industry Infrastructure can be defined as essential elements which people need and can use within a Country, for example accommodation, roads and rail and medical facilities, like clinics and hospitals. Dutt and Ros (2008, p. 01) refer to Ingram Fay (2005) who discuss: â€Å"In mid-twentieth century, infrastructure was seen as a key determinant of economic development – ‘the commanding heights’ of the economy – and market failures in infrast ructure provision were thought to be endemic. † Dutt and Ros (2008, p. 301) also refer to Ingram and Fay (2005) who believe that there are various elements to infrastructure such as telecommunications, airports, roads, piped water, railways, power, ports and sanitation. Dutt and Ros (2008) also cite Hirschman (1958) who agrees that physical infrastructure consists of transportation, power, roads and water. Guttal (2008) agrees with Dutt and Ros (2008) in terms of what infrastructure is however the author adds that parks and shopping centres are part of infrastructure. Guttal (2008) has a negative perspective of infrastructure as Guttal (2008) believes that infrastructure can often have negative impacts which lead to local community’s food and water being damaged or completely destroyed and communities becoming displaced. Mascardo (2008) has a positive view of infrastructure because Mascardo (2008) believes that infrastructure helps to enhance local people’s living conditions. 1. 2 Historical Influences on infrastructure World History (2011) and History (2011) both agree that Nigeria gained Independence from Britain on the 1st of October 1960. About. com (2011) African History (2011) and History Orb. com (2011) both agree that on the 31st of May 1910 South Africa became independent from Britain. South Africa History Online (2011) and Priory World History (2011) agree that in 1652 South Africa had been colonised by the Dutch. Nigeria and South Africa are similar as both countries were British colonies in the past. History (2011) and Wars Of The World (2011) agree that in the Northern part of Nigeria Moslems killed Christians which lead to a civil war and briefly divided the country. This civil war lasted from July 1967 to the 11th January 1970. History (2011) emphasises what happened during the civil war and how the civil war negatively impacted Nigerians by saying that: â€Å"The state lost its oil fields its main source of revenue and without the funds to import food, an estimated one million of its civilians died as a result of severe malnutrition. OnlineNigerian DailyNews (2011) and IRIN humanitarian news and analysis (2011) both agree and recognise that Nigerians have experienced two separate eras of military rule in the country, the first military era was in 1966 to 19 70 lead by Gowon and the second military era was lead by Buhari, Babangida and Abacha 1984 to 1999. Robinson (2011) and SouthAfrica. TO (2011) agree that Afrikaner Nationalist came into power in 1948 its main aim was to keep races separated from each other through the implementation racist legislation. Robinson (2011) notes that: â€Å"The implementation of the policy, later referred to as â€Å"separate development,† was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which put all South Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (black African), white or Coloured (mixed race). Nigeria and South Africa have had corrupt leaders in the past who did not improve their countries physical infrastructure this lead to negative implications on the countries physical infrastructure. In Nigeria military rule had a negative effect on Nigeria as the military leaders caused the physical infrastructure to deteriorate because the leaders did not use the money budgeted for maint enance of the roads to maintain the roads instead the money was used for personal expenses. Online Nigerian News (2011) stated that: â€Å"Years of its rule, brought corruption, injustice, religious and ethnic intolerance, poverty and misery still abound indicating that military rule largely failed. In South Africa part of the apartheid policies caused separation of facilities, such as people had to use public toilet facilities depending on his or her race. Presently, the Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan has had positive implications on the country’s physical infrastructure particularly the rail infrastructure as part of the President’s Agenda is to restore all structures that would improve the railways in Nigeria. Azubuike (2012) reveals that Nigeria’s Minister of Transport, Senator Idris Umar believes that the rehabilitation of Akere Bridge in Niger State was part of President Goodluck Jonathan’s transformation agenda for rail service in Nigeria. South African President Jacob Zuma has also had positive implications on the country’s physical infrastructure like the airport infrastructure since part of the President’s world cup infrastructure plans was to upgrade the facilities in the airports. Lelliott (2010) states that â€Å"President Jacob Zuma officially opens revamped expanded OR Tambo Airport. † Another part of the plan was to build a new airport called King Shaka International Airport in South Africa which has now been fully built and opened in 2010. Province of Kwazulu-natal (2010) reveals that the South African President Jacob Zuma performed the last part of the World Cup infrastructure by opening Durban’s new international airport King Shaka International Airport. South Africa’s improvements in its airports won awards and South Africa needed to have world-class infrastructure in order to host the world cup in 2010. Ongoing repairs to the railways mean that there has been an increase in the number of trains operating in Nigeria. 1. 3 Definition of the tourism industry The tourism industry can be defined as an industry that consists of different components due to the fact that there are various tourism businesses, for instance accommodation businesses, like hotels are where tourists stay throughout their visit in a destination and food businesses, such as restaurants in which tourists can eat local or international cuisines. Lafferty (2001), Planck (2008), Hall (2008) and Ekwere (2010) all believe that the tourism industry includes accommodation establishments, shops, restaurants, travel agencies and tour operators. However Hall (2008, p. 11) identifies the fact that there are different types of accommodation by saying â€Å"Accommodation operators, include hotels, motels, caravan parks and camping grounds. † Parks (2007) indicates that the tourism industry has a diverse range of products and services which include cruise ships, campsites, car rentals, five star hotels and airlines. Parks (2007) reveals that the tourism industry is closely linked to various types of travellers or tourists, for instance business tourists, leisure tourists or people that are visiting family and friends which is sometimes referred to as (VFR’s). 1. Overview of the tourism industry in Nigeria and South Africa Nigeria’s and South Africa’s Tourism Industry has experienced tourism growth through the global economic crisis. Euromonitior International (2011) Media Club South Africa (2012) and South Africa. info (2011) both agree that South Africa’s Tourism Industry was not severely affected by the global economic crisis as there was an increase in the number of leisure tourists who came to watch sports in 2010 compared to 2009. Media Club South Africa (2012) acknowledges that in the first quarter of 2010 South Africa received close to six million tourists arrivals which was an increase of 17. 1% compared to the same time period in 2009. Media Club South Africa (2012) also acknowledges that the second quarter in 2010 showed a 91. 3% rise in tourists from the Americas in the same time period in 2009 because South Africa hosted the World Cup. Euromonitor International (2010) Nigerian Tribune (2011) World Bank Report (2010) and Champion Newspaper (2011) also both believe that the global economic crisis did not immensely affect Nigeria’s tourism industry seeing that Nigeria had more inbound tourists come to visit the country in 2009 and also in 2010. World Bank Report (2010) states that â€Å"The number of International tourist arrivals in Nigeria was 1,41,4000 in 2009. † Champion Newspaper (2011) believes that in 2010 Nigeria tourist arrivals increased by 8. 8 percent. South Africa’s tourism industry has been more successful at attracting leisure tourists compared to Nigeria’s tourism industry since South Africa promotes and provides leisure tourists with various types of holidays which range from wine tasting to bungee jumping. South Africa Index (2011, p. 10) indicates that fifty-seven percent of tourists visited South Africa for leisure purposes. It could be said that some States in Nigeria want to attract more leisure tourists. Emelike (2011) reveals that governors, like Liyel Imoke in Calabar, Nigeria are making attempts to encourage leisure tourists to visit Nigeria by holding an annual carnival festival for thirty-two days in December. It could also be said that South Africa is trying to get more business tourists. South Africa. info (2011) indicates that South Africa is targeting business tourists that tend to spend more money compared to leisure tourists when business tourists become leisure tourists that go on tours after they have gone to their business meetings or when business tourists decide to return to the country just to experience the available range of leisure activities. Whereas in the Nigeria tourism industry, cities like Lagos have already experienced a boom in business tourism with a great rise in business tourists as there are many business opportunities available in Nigeria, for example in the retail and hospitality sectors. Jacobson (2011) believes that there has been a high number of business tourists going to Nigeria every month compared to other African Countries and the increase of business tourists in a city like Lagos has lead to a rise in luxury hotels being built in Lagos to meet the needs of the business tourists who tend to come from European Countries. Jacobson (2011) reveals that the immigration office at Murtala International Airport figures show that sixty-five percent of passengers who come on British Airways flights from London to Lagos between Mondays to Saturdays are in Lagos for business purposes. However some authors believe that Nigeria’s tourism industry is not as developed as it should be when taking into consideration the country’s size, abundance of areas of natural beauty and culture. Encyclopaedia of the Nations (2011) and Emelike (2010) agree that the Nigeria tourism industry is currently operating below its potential. Encyclopaedia of the Nations (2011) reinforces this by saying: â€Å"Tourism in Nigeria is highly undeveloped, considering the West African nation’s available tourist resources: land, climate, vegetation, people and their festivals, abundant art treasures, national monuments, ports, traditional sports, and music. † The World Travel Tourism Council had positive projections for Nigeria and South Africa in terms of how the travel and tourism industries would increase the countries GDP. World Travel Tourism Council (2011) believes that by 2021 Nigeria’s travel and tourism industry would rise by 1. % and South Africa’s industry would rise by 5. 1% in contribution to the GDP. Nigeria and South Africa on the Butler’s (1980) TALC Model The diagram below is based on Butler’s TALC Model which exhibits the developmen t of tourism in Nigeria and South Africa. Figure 1 6 3. 9 1. 4 656,000 0 SOURCE: Butler (1980) Butler’s TALC Model above illustrates that over time the number of tourists travelling to Nigeria and South Africa increased so both countries went from the Exploration Stage to the Involvement Stage in which local people became more involved in the tourism businesses which changed Nigeria’s and South Africa’s environment to the Development Stage. The changes at the Development Stage encouraged foreign tourism business to invest in both countries and this lead to the Consolidation Stage, for example Hilton opened branches in Abuja, Nigeria and Cape Town, South Africa. southafrica. info (2011) revealed that the newly opened Hilton Cape Town Hotel is the third Hilton Hotel in South Africa. The Consolidation Stage for Nigeria and South Africa was positive since there was investment in both countries tourism industries however the Consolidation Stage went into the Decline Stage due to conflicts in Jos, Nigeria but in South Africa the Consolidation Stage went to the Rejuvenation Stage because local tourism businesses are re-investing and making improvements to their businesses. Applying Nigeria to Butler’s TALC Model Stage 1: Exploration The Exploration Stage is the stage in which tourists originally started visiting Nigeria. The World Group (2011) indicates that the first international tourists came to Nigeria in 1995 and the total number of international tourists in 1995 was 656,000. Stage 2: Involvement The Involvement Stage is when there was an increase of tourists to Nigeria and local people started businesses within the tourism industry. Tassiopoulos (2009) agrees with William (2009) who refers to Cohen (1972, p. 8) who says that: â€Å"Some local residents will react to the economic opportunities by providing basic facilities for tourists (such as accommodation). † Stage 3: Development The Development Stage is a stage that has caused changes to the physical environment in Nigeria since foreign companies, such as luxury hotels have set up their businesses. Wall et al (2006) and Huybers (2007) believe that there are evident changes to the physical appearance of the area and local fa cilities may stop operating if they are unable to compete with new-modern-up-to- date facilities. Stage 4: Consolidation The Consolidation Stage refers to the stage whereby famous businesses now have new branches and franchises to supply the tourists with products and services they want and are use to back in their countries of origin. Hospitality Net (2010) indicates that Best Western opened a new branch called The Best Western Island Beach Hotel in Lagos, Nigeria. Talking Retail (2010) reveals that Spar has entered the Nigerian retail sector by opening a Spar supermarket in a new shopping centre in Lekki-Ajah which is an emerging area of Lagos. Stage 6: Decline The Decline Stage is evident in a city called Jos in Northern Nigeria that was once popular and visited by many tourists. Iyanu (2011) discusses Jos and indicates that many years ago the city was given the slogan ‘The home of Peace and Tourism’ as it could boost of a city that was full of tranquillity and had well-known attractions which inbound and outbound tourist visited. However there has been a dramatic decline in the number of tourists to the city throughout 2011due to religious conflicts. Walker (2011) talks about the conflicts in Jos and believes that the conflicts mostly stems from Muslims settlers feeling marginalised by the indigenous Christians. Applying South Africa to Butler’s TALC Model Stage 1: Exploration The Exploration Stage refers to the stage when tourists initially started coming to South Africa. South info (2011) reveals that International tourists began visiting South Africa after Apartheid in 1994 and the total number of International tourists that visited South Africa was 3. 9 million. Stage 2: Involvement The Involvement Stage is when there was a rise in tourists coming to South Africa so the indigenous people got involved in the tourism sector. Dale (2006) and Disgupta (2011) agree that Indigenous people see business opportunities in the tourism industry so they decide to open businesses that offer facilities for the tourists, for instance guest houses and restaurants. Stage 3: Development The Development Stage has occurred as more multi-national companies came into South Africa to establish their accommodation establishments, man-made or purpose-built attractions. Dale (2006) and Devashish (2011) believe that the multi-national companies such as hotels could take over the accommodation sector in a destination because the local hotels cannot compete with them. Stage 4: Consolidation The Consolidation Stage relates to well-known businesses setting up to franchise and cater to the continuous inflow of tourists to South Africa. Ivanovic (2009, p. 202) discusses the consolidation stage in South Africa by saying that: â€Å"In this stage the major franchises in food, hotel and retail chains enter the market, such as McDonalds, Hilton and Dolce and Gabbana. † Stage 6: Rejuvenation The Rejuvenation Stage is the stage in which local businesses in South Africa have decided to invest in their businesses by spending more money to upgrade and increase the number of attractions offered to tourists. Bruyn (2009, p. 03) talks about Durban Beachfront in Durban, South Africa and states that: â€Å"Durban Beachfront has rejuvenation projects such as the R21. 5 million ($ 3. 2 million) Wilson’s Wharf, uShaka Marine World Theme Park. † Theoretical Framework The diagram below is an adapted version of Handy’s (1994) Product Lifecycle Model that illustrat es the different types of transportation in Nigeria and South Africa. Transportation in Nigeria and South Africa 650 450 250 50 40 30 20 0 The adapted model above indicates that the trains in South Africa started operating in 1860 and in Nigeria the trains starting operating in 1902. In South Africa the first international flights disembarked in 1945 and in Nigeria the first international flights flew in 1958. Lawal (2011) agrees with Nigeria’s The International Civil Aviation Organisation report that reveals 30 million flights arrived in Nigeria. Irwin (2011) believes South Africa’s airport improvements enabled 40 million passengers to come on flights into South Africa. There is a lack of records in regards to how many railway passengers travelled seeing that records were mainly noted later on in the twentieth century. Nigeria’s recorded figures start from 1964 which showed that 11. 2 million passengers travelled by rail, in 1974 4. 3 million, 1978 6. million, in 1984 Nigeria reached its peak in terms of passenger numbers, then went down to 3 million in 1991, 1. 6 million passengers in 2003 but in 2009 and 2010 the number of railway passengers grew again. South Africa’s recorded figures started in 1992 and exhibited that there were 28 6 million railway passenger, 2007 13. 8 million, then went up to 646 million and declined to 520 million railway passengers in 2010. Physical Infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa 1. 5 Airports Both Akpan (2011) and Ayodele (2011) believe Nigeria’s airports in major cities in Nigeria are in a dreadful condition. Ayodele (2011) reinforces this by explaining how passengers were affected when there was a power cut at Lagos Airport by stating: â€Å"On May 9, the terminal building was filled to the brim with passengers who were unable to access their luggage because the outage had affected the conveyor belt which had already aged. † Eze (2011) and Daily Trust (2011) both agree that Murtala Muhammed Airport in Lagos was built thirty-two years ago, the airport was originally built to accommodate one million passengers however the airport currently reaches twelve million passengers and this has had a negative impact on the facilities in the airport. Eze (2011) discusses displeasure in the state of Nigerian airports but mainly focused on the Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) Lagos and recognises the fact that the airport is a gateway into the country and views the facilities as a shame by saying â€Å"The Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) Lagos, in particular have deteriorated to the extent they have become an embarrassment. † Afrique Avenir (2011) acknowledges that The Managing Director of Skyway Aviation Handling Company Limited, Lagos, Mr. Isaac Orulagbagbe has criticised the infrastructure in Nigerian airports. Afrique Avenir (2011) agrees with Mr Orulagbagbe who believes that the federal government needs to improve the infrastructure in Murtala Mohammed International Airport because the airport is full to its capacity. However Harding (2011) talks about South Africa infrastructure in the airport which showed that the infrastructure was impressive as South Africa won awards based on the countyâ €™s airports. South African Government Information (2011) notes a statement from Ms Hlahla, ACSA who agrees with Claude Harding by saying: â€Å"Current airport infrastructure in South Africa has been recognised as being of world class standard. † Harding (2011) and SouthAfrica (2011) both give explanations of the reasons to why Tambo Airport which is also known as Johannesburg International Airport was voted the second most improved. Tambo Airport won since it provides adequate facilities for seventeen million passengers each year, the building was expanded and the airport plays a significant role in the city’s economy. Nkosi (2011) and Skytrax (2011) both discuss Cape Town International Airport winning awards. On one hand Nkosi (2011) explains the factors that contributed to Cape Town International Airport getting an award for the best Airport in Africa by referring to Airports Council  International survey which indicated that Cape Town International Airport had high scores in terms of the level of cleanliness in the washrooms and ease of passengers being about get trolleys and find car parking spaces. On the other hand Skytrax (2011) also explains that Cape Town International Airport got an award for Staff Service by stating: â€Å"Cape Town International Airport wins the Staff Service Excellence Award for Airports in Africa, as passengers recognise the high quality of front-line service delivery. † 1. 6 Roads Both Abubakar (2011) and Ezekiel (2011) believe the roads in Nigeria are in an appalling state and this has caused a significant number of car accidents and deaths. BluePrint (2011) refers to The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) who say: â€Å"There were a total of 20,910 road accidents or crashes in 2010 and the total mortality or deaths caused by these accidents were 6,853. This means that 6, 853 Nigerians lost their lives to accidents, caused by bad roads across the country. † Ezekiel (2011) and Samade (2011) both indicate the factors that lead to the poor state of the roads in Nigeria and agrees with the Minister of Transportation Mrs. Diezani Alison-Madueke that the present conditions of roads in Nigeria are a result of the lack of maintenance culture. Southafricagoodnews (2011) and SustainableTransportMobility (2011) agree that 50% of the roads are in a terrible state. Arizona Auto Accident Attorney News (2011) confirms this by saying: â€Å"The 2010 December/January festive season in South Africa resulted in over 1500 deaths as a result of accidents on the road and recent statistics indicate that an average of 36 people die on South Africa roads on an average day. † The Transport Minister took action and made a road safety law in 2011 which helped to decrease the number of deaths due to bad roads. allAfrica. om (2011) Transport Minister Sibusiso Ndebele has commended the road transport industry for their efforts in implementing the Road Transport Management System (RTMS) to reduce road deaths. SustainableTransportMobility (2011) also discusses the factors that have contributed to the state of the roads in South Africa and agrees with The South African Road Federation President Mutshutshu  Nxumalo that the current state of roads in South Africa are due to poor management skills and also a poor maintenance culture. 1. 7 Rail Sunday (2011) and ThisDayLive (2011) agree that Nigeria’s railways have been neglected but ThisDayLive (2011) acknowledges the fact that the railways are improving as new trains were acquired stating that: The nation’s comatose rail system appears to be roaring back to life with the recent commissioning of the newly acquired 25 modern locomotive engines belonging to the Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) by President Goodluck Jonathan. † Euromonitor International (2011) supports the fact that there are new trains with figures that show there has been an increase in the number of passengers travelling by train in Nigeria seeing that 1. 9 million passengers travelled on the train in 2009 and 2. 1 million passengers travelled by train in 2010. H owever there are arguments about the state of South Africa’s railways. Roberts (2011) states that: â€Å"The best description of the current (201l) state of railway preservation in the country was probably ‘parlous’. † BRICS (2011) reinforces this with figures that illustrate passengers traffic by railway decreased in 2009 to 644 million passengers and further declined in 2010 to 520 million passengers, but Euromonitor International (2011) disagrees with the figures and shows an increase in passengers carried by rail. African Online News (2011) supports Euromonitor International (2011) by stating that â€Å"The biggest growth came from a great rise in the usage of rail services. † Furthermore Railways Africa (2011) reveals that train accidents increased as there were eight train accidents between April 2010 and March 2011. 1. 8 Accommodation Punch (2011) notes why hotels are expensive and agrees with the Managing Director of Thornberry Africa, Mr Church who believes that in Nigeria the hotel rooms are expensive. This is due to the fact that hotels have high operating costs which include generating their own electricity supply. Emelike. 2011) refers to Ajonumah who believes that in Nigeria in ternational hotels, for instance Sheraton Lagos Hotel have 85 percent+ occupancy rate due to the fact that business tourists and expatriates continuously occupy the hotel rooms. Lenhart (2011) discusses costs of staying in hotels and agrees with Mr Anderson international marketing director for Sun International, a South Africa-based hotel company who believes that hotel room prices in cities like Cape Town, South Africa are reducing with better rates and more availability. Mintel (2011) acknowledges that South Africa has different accommodations from guesthouses to five-star hotels. SouthAfrica. nfo (2011) agrees with Mintel (2011) and states: â€Å"These hotels include the Cape Grace, Arabella Sheraton Grand, Table Bay and Mount Nelson hotels in Cape Town; the Grande Roche in Paarl outside Cape Town; The Plettenberg on the Western Cape Garden Route; and the Grace in Rosebank, Michelangelo, Saxon and Westcliff hotels in Johannesburg. † Africa Point. com Online Travel Agent (2 011) recognises that Nigeria also has a wide variety of accommodation ranging from budget to luxury hotels. However Africa Point. com Online Travel Agent (2011) and Maps of World (2011) both agree that most of the luxury hotels with international standards are situated in Lagos and Abuja. Maps of World (2011) reinforces that this by mentioning two well-known luxury hotels in Lagos – Eko Hotels and Suites  and Sofitel Lagos Moorhouse Ikoyi Hotel. 1. 9 Medical Facilities Health of Nations (2011), Travel. State. Gov (2011) and Ngex (2011) all agree that government medical facilities are lacking in terms of modern medical equipment and medications however Ngex (2011) notes doctors and hospitals tend to ask patients for cash before medical treatment is given. Allianz (2011), Immigration South Africa (2011) and South Africa (2011) also agree that medical facilities in South Africa are great particularly in private hospitals. The nurses and general practitioners train in the top medical schools in South Africa. Connell (2011) and Immigration South Africa (2011) also acknowledge that some international tourists only visit South Africa to receive specific medical treatment to prevent them from waiting in long queues in their country or the medical treatment is less expensive compared to their country of origin. Nigeria and South Africa have agreed to abide by African Union agreements such as the AU Constitutive Act (2002). South Africa being a part of B. R. I. C this is economically beneficial to the country. South Africa (2011) refers to the International Relations and Cooperation Minister Maite Nkoane-Mashabane, who was briefing journalists in Pretoria last Tuesday and said: â€Å"South Africa would both benefit from and contribute to the grouping’s ambitious goal of expanding inter-trade amongst BRICS countries to US$400-billion to $500-billion by the year 2015. † It could be said that as a result of reviewing literature the researcher has increased knowledge about what physical infrastructure actually consists of, an insight into how important infrastructure is to a country and the components that make-up the tourism industry. It could also be said that Nigeria’s and South Africa’s political background has affected the countries positively, negatively and has had implications on the countries physical infrastructure. On one hand both countries experienced the happiness of becoming independent from Britain but on the other hand not long after independence Nigeria was ruled by the military leader General Yakubu Gowon and South Africa was ruled by the apartheid leader Pieter Willem Botha. Presently Nigeria and South Africa have elected Democratic Presidents which are Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in Nigeria and South African President Jacob Zuma. In addition it could be argued that some of the existing differences between Nigeria and South Africa currently exist as a result of how much colonisation has affected both nations differently. It could be said that the western world has had a stronger influence on South African culture compared to Nigerian culture because South Africa was colonised by two European countries Britain and The Netherlands this is evident through the fact that many South Africans speak Afrikaans which stems from the Dutch language and several cities in South Africa have Dutch names for example Johannesburg and Bloomberg whereas the majority of states and cities in Nigeria have Nigerian names and a high percentage of Nigerians speak at least one Nigerian language. Furthermore another difference is that conflicts in Nigeria stemmed from disagreements between different ethnic groups whereas in South Africa conflict stemmed from an unfair system of racial segregation called apartheid imposed by the whites against blacks. Interestingly both countries share a political similarity, for example Nigeria and South Africa had civilian rule as the democratic presidents who were elected in the1990’s both men had originally been in prison and not long after being released from prison elections took place and the Nigerian President was Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999 and the South African President was Nelson Mandela in 1994. Literature Review Matrix Author |Year |Title |Journal |Relevant Content |Useful references the | | | | | | |author makes | |Buhalis |2000 | |Tourism Management |* Buhalis’s Framework | | |Butler |2009 | |Elsevier |* Butler’s (1980) TALC |Agarwal and Baum | |Butler |2006 |Tourism Area Life Cycle: | |* Handy’s Produ ct Life Cycle |Handy | | | |Conceptual and theoretical| | | | | | |issues | | | | |Butler |1980 | |Canadian Geographer |* Butler’s (1980) TALC Model | | |Connell |2011 |Medical Tourism | |*People are going to South Africa for Cosmetic | | | | | | |Surgery | | |Dutt Ros |2008 |International Handbook of | |History Definition of physical Infrastructure |Ingram Fay Hirschman | | |Development Economics | | | | |Guffery Almont |2009 |Essentials of Business | |* Secondary Research | | | | |Communication | | | | |Guttal |2008 |IFI’s Tourism Perspectives| |* Definition and negative impacts of Physical | | | | |and Debates | |Infrastructure | | |Hall and Williams |2008 |Tourism and Innovation | |* History of Tourism Industry |Lofgren | |Mascardo |2008 |Building Community | |* Positive impacts of Physical Infrastructure | | | | |Capacity for Tourism | | | | | | |Development | | | | |Parks |2007 |Contemporary Sport | |* Definition of the Tourism Industry | | | | |Management | | | | The impacts of the 3 A’s in Nigeria in comparisons to South Africa |The impacts of the 3 A’s |Nigeria and South Africa | | | | |Accessibility |It is evident that accessibility has had a major impact in Nigeria compared to South Africa. Accessibility is | |(Roads) |very poor an indication of this is the fact that the numbers of deaths are increasing in Nigeria every year as a | | |result of car accidents and no action is being taken to reduce accidents which has led to so many people’s | | |deaths. | | | | |Amenities |It is also evident that amenities have had a major impact in Nigeria and South Africa. Amenities for example | |(Hotels) |hotels are diverse in both countries and both African Countries are able to cater to the different needs and | | |wants of business tourists and leisure tourists that visit the two African Nations however there is a lack of | | |awareness in regards to the less expensive accommodations available in Nigeria. | | | | |Ancillary Services |It is very clear that ancillary services have had a greater impact in Nigeria compared to South Africa. Ancillary| |(Hospitals) |Services for instance hospitals are extremely poor as they are not adequately equipped whereas in South Africa | | |many people use the ancillary services for example South African surgeons perform cosmetic surgeries in South | | |African hospitals on patients from around the world. | The table below assesses the impacts of the 3 A’s accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services in Nigeria compared to South Africa. Table 2 Has Physical infrastructure had a positive or negative influence on both countries tourism industries? Airports Interestingly even though airport infrastructure is in a terrible state in Nigeria it has not had a negative influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry as Nigerian Airports, for example Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos received sixty-five percent of passengers who were business tourists on British Airways Flights (page 12, Jacobson, 2011). Airport infrastructure had a positive influence on South Africa’s tourism industry since its improvements lead to being chosen to hold the world cup which attracted leisure tourists. Roads Road infrastructure had a negative influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry and South Africa’s tourism industry because domestic tourists or people visiting friends and family (VFR’s) have been involved in car accidents which have consequently lead to their deaths. Rail Rail infrastructure had a positive influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry subsequently there has been a rise in people travelling on the trains. Rail infrastructure had a negative influence on South Africa’s tourism industry as a result there has been a decrease in people travelling by trains. Accommodation Hotels had a positive influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry since it brings in money into Nigeria when business tourists pay to stay in Nigerian hotels, for example Eko Hotels and Suites however the prices of hotel rooms has a negative influence because ultimately tourists pay extreme prices to cover the operating costs of the hotels. Hotels had a positive influence on South Africa’s tourism industry because it also brings more capital into South Africa as leisure tourists and business tourists can also pay to stay in hotels that have reasonably-priced hotel rooms that meet their needs and budgets, for instance business tourists can go to Table Bay Hotel in Cape Town, South Africa. Medical Facilities The current infrastructure had a negative influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry since people like domestic tourists may go to a hospital and cannot get medication or there is no modern medical equipment available if they needed to have an operation. The current infrastructure had a positive influence on South Africa’s tourism industry because more international tourists come to South Africa for cosmetic surgery (Page 24,Connell,2011). Chapter 2 Methodology 2. 1 Choice of research design Secondary research was chosen instead of primary research because the secondary research methods enabled the aim to be achieved more effectively due to the fact that there was so much relevant secondary research that was available. The researcher could independently get secondary research as soon as possible since secondary sources can be accessed online. Guffery et al (2009, p. 256) states that â€Å"Many writers turn to them first because they are fast,  easy to use and available online. † There was also control since decisions were made in terms of what information was included or excluded. Issue |Inclusion |Exclusion | |The year of publishing – academic materials: |The researcher included Journal articles that were |The researcher did not include any Journals which were | |Academic Journals |published since year 2000 but one of the journal |published forty years ago seeing that it would have been | | |article s was published in 1980 it had to be used |too old and not have the current up-date information that| | |because Butler’s TALC Model (1980) Model had |the researcher could utilise in the dissertation. | | |essential information that was needed in the | | | |dissertation. | |The year of Publishing – Textbooks |The researcher included textbooks that have |The researcher did not use textbooks that were published | | |published appropriate information that could be |in the 1980’s and 1990’s because there were up-to-date | | |linked to the aim and objectives of the |books available. | | |dissertation, for instance information about the | | | |tourism industry. | |The year of Publishing – News Websites |The researcher included News websites that had |The researcher excluded News websites that had articles | | |articles which were published in the past three |published in 2008 since there was less information about | | |years because there was relevant contemporary |Nigeria’s infrastructure compared to South Africa’s | | |information available on the news websites. infrastructure in 2008 so the researcher choose to avoid | | | |having uneven comparisons when discussing Nigeria and | | | |South Africa. | Inclusion/Exclusion Matrix Table Primary research would involve travelling to Nigeria and South Africa, which would have been very time consuming as this dissertation has a specific deadline and sufficient information may not have been collected before the deadline this would negatively affect the dissertation. The researcher choose to use contemporary research since it is up-to-date information. The researcher did not use information published in 2008 because there was less relevant information about Nigeria’s physical infrastructure compared to South Africa’s physical infrastructure in 2008 so the researcher would not have be able to effectively meet the aim or fairly compare Nigeria to South Africa. The secondary research included the usage of relevant academic materials, for example Mintel Reports and the Global Market Information Database published by Euromonitor International which are market research reports from the academic website Athens. Mintel and Euromonitor International were used to attain essential information like secondary data. For instance statistical data which was found by using keywords like rail passengers and accommodation into the search engines. The other secondary esearch was done by only extracting important information such as applicable quotes, from reading appropriate Nigerian Newspapers, for instance ThisDayLive, Daily Trust, Pun ch and BluePrint and suitable South African News websites, for example Southafricagoodnews, SouthAfrica and African websites such as Africa Online News and Afrique Avenir. However the researcher is aware that newspapers and websites can be potentially biased. The researcher maintained reliability relevance with newspapers by using newspaper articles that criticised the infrastructure rather than pretending that the infrastructure was perfect. The researcher also used relevant textbooks and academic journals such as Tourism Management because academic journals are not biased. In addition The Travel Tourism Competitiveness Index was utilised in order to obtain statistical data to measure infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa. The researcher compared figures from 2009 and 2011. Furthermore the researcher also compared The Travel Tourism Competitive Index indicators with The Global Competitiveness Index indicators in 2009 and 2011. 2. 2 Construction of the method Assessment Schematic |Authors claim |Position of the |Is the Author |Is the Authors claim accepted? | | |Author |biased? | |Ime Akpan (2011) Poor obsolete facilities in airports in Nigeria |Writer |yes |Yes as the claim is based on Nigeria’s Aviation Minister’s | | | | |statement. | |Claude Harding (2011) South Africa has great airports. |Writer |No |Yes since the claim is based on South Africa winning Skytrax 2011 | | | | |World Airport Awards. |Toba Agboola (2011) high operating costs in restaurants. |Writer |No |Yes because the claim is based on the statement by the Nige rian | | | | |restaurant Tantalizers. | |BRICS (2011) Less people are travelling by rail in South Africa. | |No |Yes the claim comes from a BRICS report. | |Punch (2011) It is costly to stay in hotels in Nigeria. | |No |Yes the claim is based on The Managing Director of Thornberry | | | | |Africa, Mr. David Church statement who is in the hospitality | | | | |industry high hotel prices caused by high running costs. | |Mintel (2011) South Africa has great a variety of hotels to suit | |No |Yes since the claim is based on an analysis of the accommodation | |different budgets. | | |sector in South Africa. | |Bongani Nkosi (2011) Cape Town International Airport best airport |Writer |No |Yes because the claim is based upon Airports Council  International| |in Africa. | | |survey. | |Afrique Avenir (2011) Nigeria airports are in a terrible state. | |Yes the claim is based upon The Managing Director of Skyway | | | | |Aviation Handling Company Limited statement. | The assessment schematic above was constructed to exhibit what authors have said, state the authors position, establish whether the authors has written in a biased manner and whether the researcher of this dissertation accepts what the authors have claimed. 2. 3 Sample To select the literature, the researcher would use conte mporary literature that reveals significant information about Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary in Nigeria and South Africa. Non-probability sampling methods like snowball sampling would not be used the researcher ould utilise the cluster sampling probability sampling method since it is the most suitable method as the researcher could apply the method seeing that this type of probability sampling method tends to be used when quantitative data is being collected. Furthermore the researcher used figures from The Travel Tourism Competitive Index that state the rankings and different elements of physical infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa. United Nations World Food Program Office (2011) reveals that Probability sampling is mostly utilised during quantitative data collection methods. The fundamental reason for probability sampling is to split a study into different categories like children and adults when studying population. 2. Procedure Secondary data which is under spec ific pillars were selected from the Travel Tourism Competitive Index from the 2009 and 2011 in the World Economic Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report for Nigeria and South Africa because of its relevance to this dissertation seeing that it enabled the researcher to meet the fourth objective as this included quality of the airport infrastructure which comes under 6th pillar: Airport transport infrastructure, quality of roads, quality of rail infrastructure which is under the 7th pillar: Ground transport infrastructure, hotel rooms which comes under the 8th pillar: Tourism infrastructure and Hospital beds which is under the 4th pillar: Health and hygiene. The Travel Tourism Competitiveness Index rankings from the 2009 and 2011were compared with The Global Competitiveness Index rankings in 2009 and 2011. 2. 5 Plan for Data Analysis The secondary data would be used to meet the 4th objective. The analysis includes secondary data from the Travel and Tourism competitive index which would be in a table format seeing that it is an easy format for the reader to understand the data and the findings from the data. The analysis would also evaluate the findings that link back to the literature review, Butler’s (1980) TALC Model and the Theoretical Framework. Chapter 3 Discussion and Analysis This chapter discusses and analyses the findings from the indexes and the literature review. The table below illustrates where Nigeria’s and South Africa’s airports, roads, rail, hotel rooms and hospital beds ranks are positioned out of one hundred and thirty-three countries in 2009 and 2011 from The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index and also has the findings about the infrastructure. The higher the ranking the worse the level of the country’s infrastructure. Nigeria and South Africa’s rankings on The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index |Nigeria |South Africa | Travel and Tourism |2009 |2011 |2009 |2011 |Findings from the infrastructure rankings | |Competitiveness Index | | | | | | |Airport Transport Infrastructure | | | | |On one hand the quality of the airport infrastructure rank in Nigeria has | | | | | | |dramatically increased which clearly indicated that the airport infrastructure in| |Quality of air tran sport | | | | |Nigeria has deteriorated between 2009 and 2011. | |infrastr How to cite Nigeria and South Africa, Essay examples